How To Say Dominican Republic In Spanish

Variety (or varieties) of Spanish spoken in the Dominican Democracy

Dominican Castilian
Español dominicano
Native to	Dominican Commonwealth
Native speakers	xiii 1000000 (Including Dominican diaspora in other countries and immigrants living in Dominican Republic) (2014)[one] 9 1000000 (just including Dominicans in DR)
Language family unit	Indo-European Italic Romance Western Ibero-Romance West Iberian Castilian S American Castilian Caribbean Spanish Dominican Spanish
Early forms	Erstwhile Latin Classical Latin Vulgar Latin Old Spanish Early Modern Castilian
Writing arrangement	Spanish alphabet (Latin script)
Official status
Official language in	Dominican Republic
Regulated past	Academia Dominicana de la Lengua
Language codes
ISO 639-one	es
ISO 639-ii	spa[2]
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	None
IETF	es-Do

Dominican Castilian ( español dominicano ) is Spanish as spoken in the Dominican Republic; and besides among the Dominican diaspora, most of whom live in the United States, chiefly in New York City, New Jersey, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Florida.

Dominican Spanish, a Caribbean dialect of Spanish, is based on the Andalusian and Canarian Spanish dialects of southern Spain, and has influences from African languages, Taíno and other Arawakan languages. Speakers of Dominican Spanish may as well use conservative words that in other varieties of Spanish could be considered archaisms. The variety spoken in the Cibao region is influenced by the 16th- and 17th-century Portuguese colonists in the Cibao valley, and shows a larger-than-national-average influence past the 18th-century Canarian settlers.^{[three] [iv]}

The Dominican Republic is function of a group of Latin American countries "where the [Castilian] linguistic communication remains closer to its Castilian and Andalusian origins", non having "an enormous Indigenous influence" unlike "United mexican states and Peru". The Africans "did non contributed with any distinctive feature" that tin can distinguish the Dominican Spanish from other Latin American Castilian dialects.^[5]

The linguistic and cultural separation between Africans and Spaniards was not as big to deny Africans the models that native-Spanish speakers could showroom to them. Slaves did not live in burrocks or tents, and worked with other workers, among them Indigenous and mestizos, and even poor white colonists. Farms weren't big then it diminished physical separation between slaves and masters. Africans assimilated into the colonial society.

—Lipski, 1996.^[6]

There is a great influence from Haitian Creole and African languages in the Spanish spoken past Haitians in the Dominican Republic, specially in grammar and phonetics.^[seven] However, 2d generation immigrants from Haiti use to speak very shut to the Dominican standard spoken language, if not really speaking it, assimilating into the mainstream spoken language.

History [edit]

Near of the Spanish-speaking settlers came from Andalusia (southern Spain) and the Canary Islands. When they first arrived in what is now the Dominican Commonwealth, the first native people they had contact with were the Arawak-speaking Taino people.

Spanish, just equally in other Latin American countries, completely replaced the ethnic languages (Taíno, Macorix and Ciguayo) of the Dominican Republic to the point where they became entirely extinct, mainly due to the fact that the bulk of the indigenous population apace died out merely a few years after European contact.

However, when the Spanish arrived, they institute the flora and fauna of the island, as well as various cultural artifacts, very different from those of Spain, so many of the words used by the natives to name these things were conserved and assimilated, thereby enriching Spanish lexicon. Some of these words include: ají, anón, batata, barbacoa, bejuco, bija, caiman, canoa, caoba, conuco, guanábana, guayaba, hamaca, hobo (jobo), hutía, iguana, jagua, maní, papaya (lechosa), sabana, yuca.

Dominican Spanish also includes words indirectly borrowed from African languages via Portuguese, such as cachimbo, which was borrowed from the Portuguese word "cacimba", having the latter existence borrowed from the Bantu "cazimba".^[8] Many of these African influences are quite distant and left a minor touch on on mod twenty-four hours Dominican Spanish, and usually these words are also used in other Spanish-speaking countries as far-abroad every bit Argentina, therefore it is not simply a phenomenon restricted to the Dominican Republic but common in the Latin American Spanish (compared to European Spanish). Dominican Castilian has also received some limited influence from Haitian Creole, due to the Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo^[7] and continuing cross-edge contacts. Haitian influence is stronger in border regions. Haitian Creole and Samaná English have also influenced the voice communication of Samaná Province further adding to the African influence found in the dialect.^[ix]

Phonology [edit]

• Like virtually other Spanish dialects, Dominican Spanish features yeísmo: the sounds represented by ll (the palatal lateral /ʎ/) and y (historically the palatal approximant /ʝ/) have fused into one. This merged phoneme is generally pronounced as a [ʝ] or [dʒ] (these are the sounds in English language York and John). That is, in the Dominican Republic (equally in most of Latin America and Spain), se cayó "he brutal downwardly" is homophonous with se calló "he became silent / he shut up".
• Dominican Spanish has seseo (at that place is no stardom between /θ/ and /s/). That is, caza ("chase") is homophonous with casa ("business firm"). Seseo is common to almost all of Hispanic America, the Canary Islands, and southern Spain.
• Strong wrinkle in everyday speech is mutual, as in "voy a" into "vuá" or "voá", or "¿para adónde vas?" into "¿p'ónde va'?". Another instance: "David 'tá 'co'ta'o", from "David está acostado" ("David is lying downwardly / David is sleeping"), though vowel degemination is normal in most Spanish dialects, cf. Standard Peninsular "David est'acostado", usually pronounced with a unmarried [a].
• The fricative /s/ has a trend to disappear or to get a voiceless [h] or voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], the latter before voiced consonants, at the end of syllables. The alter may be realized only at the discussion level or information technology may also cross word boundaries. That is, las mesas son blancas "the tables are white" is pronounced [laɦ ˈmesah som ˈblaŋkah] (or [laɦ ˈmesa som ˈblaŋkah], with a degeminated [south]), but in las águilas azules "the blue eagles", syllable-final /southward/ in las and águilas might be resyllabified into the initial syllable of the following vowel-initial words and remain [southward] ([laˈsaɣilasaˈsulɛh]), or become [h] (it varies by speaker). Aspiration or disappearance of syllable-concluding /s/ is common to much of Hispanic America, the Canary Islands, and southern Kingdom of spain. Syllable-last [s] is less frequently reduced in formal speech, like TV broadcasts.^[10]
  • Instance 1: To say lo niño or los niño, instead of los niños
  • Instance 2: To say lluvia ailada or lluvias ailada, instead of lluvias aisladas
• Syllable-initial /southward/ can occasionally be aspirated as well in rural parts of El Cibao. This occurs most oftentimes in the reflexive pronoun se and in sí 'yes'.^[11]
• In some areas, speakers tend to drop the terminal r sound in verb infinitives. The elision is considered a feature of uneducated speakers in some places, but it is widespread in others, at least in rapid speech communication.
• Syllable-final r tends to exist changed in many words past an i sound in the Northerly Cibao and in El Seibo Province^[12] and by an l (50) in the Eastern and in the capital city (Santo Domingo): the verb correr (to run) is pronounced correi and correl respectively, and perdón (forgiveness) becomes peidón and peldón. Final /l/ is also merged into -/i̯/ in El Cibao and El Seibo. This exchange with the i is delicately (well-nigh mutely) nowadays in Andalusian Spanish, and as well the l use is prototypical, and more marked, in Puerto Rican Castilian. It is believed to be of Andalusian origin.
• The "d" is silent in the mutual word-ending -ado. For instance, the words casado (married) and lado (side, style) are pronounced as casao and lao in Dominican Spanish.
• In a few parts of the country, an "el" at the stop of a word is pronounced as "err." For example, Miguel may be pronounced as Miguer in Dominican Spanish, a feature shared with Andalusian Spanish and in contrast to Puerto Rican Spanish, where the reverse occurs, e.g. pronouncing the proper noun Arturo (Arthur) every bit Alturo.
• Word-terminal /n/ is typically velarized at the terminate of a phrase or before some other discussion starting in a vowel. Final /n/ may also be velarized give-and-take internally.^[13] In rural El Cibao, terminal /n/ may also exist completely elided, typically nasalizing the preceding vowel, but occasionally it can be dropped entirely with no trace of nasalization. That total elision is virtually common among children.^[14]
• The alveolar trill /r/ and even the tap /ɾ/ tin be replaced with an uvular trill among some rural speakers from El Cibao.^[xv]
• In rural parts of El Cibao, final unstressed vowels are often reduced in intensity and length, and mail service-tonic /o/ tin be raised to /u/, thus gallo 'rooster' tin be pronounced like gallu . In oyó , tertiary person atypical preterite course of oír 'to hear', the initial /o/ is often also raised to /u/ by rural Cibaeños: /uˈʝo/.^[16]

Other differences with Standard Spanish include adding the s erroneously, thus overcompensating the addiction of omitting information technology.

Example ane:

• standard: administraciones públicas [public administrations]
• vernacular: aminitracione pública
• hypercorrected: asministracione púsblica

Example 2:

• standard: jaguar [jaguar]
• vernacular: jagual / jaguai
• hypercorrected: jasguar

The hypercorrected class is oftentimes role of a blatantly sarcastic mode of speech, commonly used for joking rather than everyday speech. It'south ofttimes called hablar fisno 'speaking finely', with an extra 's' in fino . Among rural children in El Cibao, s-insertion is nonetheless common, which calls into question its status as a hypercorrection since these children have little exposure to standard forms of speech.^[17] Word-internally, s-insertion is nearly common before voiceless stop consonants, especially /t/, and almost never occurs earlier nasals.^[eighteen] Rural residents of El Cibao oftentimes insert an southward after function words, as in des todo 'of everything'. This is typically before terminate consonants only can occasionally exist before vowels, as in des animales 'of animals'. Some speakers also utilise final s-insertion as a prosodic boundary marker.^[19]

At that place are also hypercorrections of the merger of -/r/ and -/l/ into -/i̯/. For example, Haití 'Haiti' may exist pronounced Artís .^[20]

Grammar [edit]

Voseo is unknown in Dominican Spanish.^[21]

Some well-known grammatical features of Dominican Castilian include the use of overt dummy pronouns, as in ELLO hay arroz 'in that location is rice', peculiarly prominent in El Cibao, instead of hay arroz , and double negation, equally in yo no voy no 'I am not going'.^[22] Both of those are associated with more marginalized sociolects.

Pedro Henríquez Ureña claims that, at to the lowest degree until 1940, the educated population of the Dominican Democracy continued to use the future subjunctive verb forms ( hablare, hubiere ). Educated Dominicans never used the conditional in identify of the imperfect subjunctive, as in Si yo habría visto 'If I had seen', nor did they ever use the imperfect subjunctive instead of the conditional, as in entonces yo hubiese dicho 'then I would accept said'. Clitic object pronouns could oft exist placed subsequently a finite verb, especially in narration, as in llega y vístese de prisa instead of the typical llega y se viste de prisa 'arrives and gets dressed chop-chop'.^[21]

Like in other Caribbean varieties of Spanish, explicit, redundant field of study pronouns are frequent in Dominican Spanish. Pronominal uno 'one' may exist frequently used, in cases where speakers of other varieties would employ impersonal or reflexive se constructions. Personal subject field pronouns can be used to refer to inanimate objects: Ella (la comunidad) es grande 'She (the community) is big'.^[23]

Dominican Spanish allows for "preverbal placement of subjects with interrogatives and with non-finite clauses". In more normative speech, the subject would typically get after the verb instead. Some examples are: ¿Qué ustedes quieren comer? 'What exercise you guys want to eat?' and Eso es para Odalis llevárselo a Lari 'That'due south for Odalis to take it to Lari'.^[24]

Other prominent aspects of Dominican Spanish include focalizing ser constructions, and clause-terminal negation and affidavit:

• Ustedes tenían que venir más temprano era 'You had to come earlier (information technology was)'
• El francés, yo no sé no si es fácil de aprender 'French, I don't know if information technology's easy to learn'
• Mamá sabía mucho sí 'Mom knew a lot'^[25]

Rural El Cibao [edit]

In improver to these traits, the following has been found in rural speech in El Cibao, amidst people who are functionally illiterate, past Bullock & Toribio (2009):

• A alter from -mos to -nos in the first-person plural ( we ) endings with antepenultimate stress, as in the past subjunctive, imperfect, and conditional tenses, ie: nos bañábamos to nos bañábanos , nos bañáramos to nos bañáranos , nos bañaríamos to nos bañaríanos . This is likely due to the influence of the clitic nos , and analogy with standard forms such as llámanos 'phone call us'.^[26]
• Subjunctive forms used instead of the imperative, equally in traigamos cinco quintales de producto 'we're bringing five hundredweights of product', or algo aquí que le digamos yagua 'something hither that we call yagua'.^[26]
• Substitution of ha 'he/she/it has' for he 'I have', for instance, yo le ha dado pela por eso 'I gave them a beating for that'.^[26]
• General archaic, nonstandard forms of mutual verbs: Puede que haigan haitianos para allá 'There could exist Haitians over there', with haigan instead of haya , or yo quería dir 'I wanted to go' with dir instead of ir .^[26]
• As in many other dialects, impersonal hacer and haber may bear witness third person plural agreement. What'southward more peculiar is that they may also be conjugated in other persons every bit well:
  • Hacían (< hacía) como tres meses que no llovía 'Information technology'south been 3 months since it last rained'
  • Habían (< había) algunos que sabían 'There were some who knew'
  • Yo hago (< hace) que tiempo que no voy para allá 'Information technology's been some time since I've gone over there'
  • Habemos (< hay; < somos) pocas familias en Los Compos 'At that place are few of us families in Los Compos'
  • Haigamos (< hay; < somos) dos o tres 'There are two or three of us'^[26]
• Medio and demasiado , when modifying adjectives, often are inflected for gender, thus tengo la barriga media (< medio) mala 'I accept a half-bad belly'.^[27]
• Fácil and difícil tin be used as adverbs without the -mente suffix. Also, when used every bit adjectives, they don't ever hold with plural subjects: se aprende fácil 'it'southward learned easily', son muy difícil (< difíciles) 'they're very difficult'.^[28]
• The plural forms of nouns ending in stressed vowels typically are formed with -se or -ses , instead of the standard -es : Yo no voy a los cabareses 'I don't go to the cabarets'. This is likely due to an illustration with words like feliz 'happy', lápiz 'pen', pronounced [feˈli] and [ˈlapi] in the singular but felices and lápices in the plural.^[28]
• Those same /south/-final words may receive a plural interpretation: esos son lapi (< lápices) 'those are pens'.^[28]
• Bien 'well' may be used as a predicate adjective, as in son bien 'they're expert'.^[28]
• Saber and costar , typically meaning 'to know' and 'to toll', have acquired a modal pregnant: Hasta 25 días sabía (< solía) durar 'It used to final up to 25 days', Me costará ir a la clínica 'I'll have to become to the clinic'.^[28]
• Cualquiera 'anyone' can be used in reference to a start person subject, as in cualquiera se va for me debo ir 'I must go'.^[28]

Likely related to the frequent employ of subject area pronouns, in the Cibao region ello 'it/there' may be used as a dummy pronoun with "impersonal and meteorological verbs, unaccusative predicates, impersonal passives, and other constructions in which transitives are used intransitively":^[23]

• Ello hay personas que lo aprenden bien (el inglés) 'There are people who acquire it (English) well'^[24]
• Ello no está lloviendo aquí 'It's not raining here'^[24]
• Ello vienen haitianos aquí 'Haitians come up here'^[24]
• Ello queda mucho tiempo todavía 'There's however a lot of time left'^[24]
• Porque si ello llega una gente de pa' fuera 'Because if some people from exterior arrive'^[24]
• Ello vienen haitianos aquí 'Haitians come here'^[24]

It's been suggested that ello functions as a discourse marker.^[23]

Also, among rural Cibaeño speakers at least, experiencers tend to become the discipline rather than the object of sure verbs such as gustar , hacer falta , and parecer :

• Yo me gustaría ser profesora , instead of A mí me gustaría ser profesora 'I'd like to be a instructor'
• Yo nunca me ha pasado nada de eso for A mí nunca me ha pasado nada de eso 'None of that'due south happened to me'
• Aunque yo me va a hacer falta for Aunque a mí me va a hacer falta 'Although I'll need that'
• Los zumbadores les gustan venir a esas flores for A los zumbadores les gusta venir a esas flores 'The hummingbirds similar coming to these flowers'^[29]

Cibaeños oftentimes drop the a should occur earlier a definite animate straight object:

• Oyendo los haitianos 'Hearing Haitians'
• Para entender las personas de Francia 'To understand people from France'^[29]

They also use a unique pattern of cliticization:

• Vámoselo a tener que dar for Vamos a tener que dárselo 'Nosotros will accept to give it to them'
• Vételo a sembrar for Vé a sembrarlo 'Go sow it'^[29]

Vocabulary [edit]

Dominican vocabulary [edit]

Equally in every dialect, Dominican Spanish has numerous vocabulary differences from other forms of the language. The Dominican Academy of Messages (Academia Dominicana de la Lengua) published in November 2013 a dictionary of Dominican terms (Diccionario del español dominicano) containing close to 11,000 words and phrases peculiar to the Dominican dialect.^[30] Here are some examples:

Dominican Castilian	Standard Castilian	English
aposento (a Castilian archaism likewise meaning "chamber")	habitación	room
Dominican slang: tató (shortened from "está todo (bien)")	bien	adept, fine
guapo/-a	agresivo/-a or enojado/-a (in Spain apuesto/-a )	brave, combative or angry, upset
chinola	maracuyá	passion fruit
lechosa	papaya	papaya / pawpaw
cuartos (archaism occasionally used in standard Spanish also; literally ways "quarters")	dinero	money
chin / chin chin (of Arawak origin)[31] [32]	un poco	a chip
guagua (too used in Cuba, Puerto Rico, Canary Islands)	autobús	coach / bus
motoconcho	mototaxi	motorbike taxi
pasola (a generic term derived from a trademark)	ciclomotor	scooter
yipeta (a generic term derived from a trademark)	(vehículo) todoterreno	jeep / SUV
conuco (Arawak origin), finca (finca is also usually used in Fundamental America)	granja	farm/agronomical field
colmado (this is an archaism seldom used in Spanish), and pulpería	tienda de ultramarinos	convenience store
zafacón (possibly a corrupted anglicism of safety can)	bote de basura	trash tin
mata	árbol	tree
conflé (mayhap a corrupted anglicism of corn flakes)	cereal	cereal
Pamper (also used in Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Central America. It is believed to be a genericized term deriving from a trademark.)	pañal desechable	disposable diaper (Pampers)
Vaporu (a generic term derived from a trademark)	crema mentolada	ointment (Vicks VapoRub)

A slightly debasing slang expression also common effectually almost of the Caribbean bowl is vaina. The Castilian meanings are "sheath", "pod", "beat", "shell casing", and "hull" (of a found). It is descended from the Latin give-and-take "vāgīna", which meant "sheath".^[33] In the Dominican Republic "vaina" is mainly a thing, a matter, or only "stuff". For example, ¿Qué vaina es esa? means ¿Qué cosa es esa?, "What is that thing/stuff?".^{[ commendation needed ]}

Anglicisms—due to cultural and commercial influence from the Us and the American occupations of the Dominican Republic during 1916–1924 and 1965–1966—are extremely common in Dominican Spanish, more so than in any other Spanish variant except for Puerto Rican and perhaps Northern Mexican Castilian. A prime case of this is "vaguada", which is a corruption of the English "bad weather", though in Dominican Spanish the term has come to mean storm or torrential downpour, rather than a spot of unpleasant climate. Hence, a common Dominican expression: "Viene una vaguada", "hither comes a vaguada", or "here comes a storm". Another first-class example of this is "boche", a corruption of the English "bull shit", though in Dominican Spanish the term has come to hateful a reprimanding, fulmination, or harangue in general terms. Hence, a common Dominican expression: "Me echaron un boche", "they threw me a boche", or "they reprimanded me". Furthermore, is the Dominican Spanish discussion for SUV, "yipeta", "jeepeta", or rarely "gipeta". This term is a abuse of the American "Jeep", which was the master fashion of transport for the GIs throughout the country during the occupation in the 1960s. Dominican license plates for SUVs are marked with a "Yard" for "gipeta", a variant of, and pronounced like, "yipeta", before their serial number. The word "tichel", from "T-shirt", also refers to a rugby shirt, association football jersey, or undershirt, and similarly, "corn flakes" and its variant "con fléi" can refer to any breakfast cereal, in Dominican Spanish, exist it puffed corn, bran flakes, or puffed wheat. The borrowing "polo shirt" is frequently pronounced polo ché.^{[ citation needed ]}

Another miracle related to Anglicisms is the usage of brand names as common names for certain objects. For example, "Gillette" and its derivative yilé refer to whatsoever razor, and while the machete is known every bit machete, this being originally a Castilian word, it is sometimes referred to as a "colín", derived from "Collins & Co.", proper noun of a former Connecticut toolmaker.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Similarities in Castilian dialects [edit]

Below are different vocabulary words to demonstrate the similarities between the dialects of the Dominican Republic and other Caribbean countries, including Puerto Rico, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, and Panama. The dialects of Andalusia and the Canary Islands, two regions of Spain that accept been highly influential on the dialects of these countries, are also included.

	Dominican Republic	Puerto Rico	Cuba	Spain (Canary Islands)	Kingdom of spain (Andalusia)	Venezuela	Colombia	Panama
flat	apartamento	apartamento	apartamento	piso	piso	apartamento	apartamento	apartamento
banana	guineo	guineo	plátano	plátano	plátano	cambur	banano	guineo
edible bean	habichuela	habichuela	frijol	judía	habichuela	caraota	frijol	frijol
car	carro	carro	carro	coche	coche	carro	carro	carro
prison cell phone	celular	celular	celular	móvil	móvil	celular	celular	celular
child[I]	niño/chico/ carajito	niño/chico/ carajito	niño/chico/ chiquito	niño/chico/crío/ chaval	niño/chico/crío/ chavea	niño/chico/ chamo	niño/chico/ pelao	niño/chico/chiquillo/ pelaíto
apparel hanger	percha	gancho	perchero	percha	percha	gancho	gancho	gancho
computer	computadora	computadora	computadora	ordenador	ordenador	computadora	computador	computadora
corn on the cob	mazorca	mazorca	mazorca	piña de millo	mazorca	jojoto	mazorca	mazorca
green bean	vainita	habichuela tierna	habichuela	habichuela	judía verde	vainita	habichuela	habichuela
money[Two]	dinero/cuarto	dinero/chavo	dinero/baro	dinero/pasta	dinero/pasta	dinero/plata	dinero/plata	dinero/plata
orangish[III]	naranja	china	naranja	naranja	naranja	naranja	naranja	naranja
papaya	lechosa	papaya/lechosa	fruta bomba	papaya	papaya	lechosa	papaya	papaya
peanut	maní	maní	maní	manis	cacahuete	maní	maní	maní
popcorn	palomitas de maíz	popcorn	rositas de maíz	palomitas	palomitas	cotufas	crispetas/ maíz pira	popcorn
postage stamp	sello	sello	sello	sello	sello	estampilla	estampilla	estampilla
potato	papa	papa	papa	papa	papa	papa	papa	papa
sock	media	media	media	calcetín	calcetín	media	media	media
soft potable	refresco	refresco	refresco	refresco	refresco	refresco	gaseosa	soda
sweet potato	batata	batata	boniato	batata	batata	batata	batata	camote
transit bus	guagua	guagua	guagua	guagua	autobús	autobús	autobús	motorcoach
watermelon	sandía	melón de agua	melón de agua	sandía	sandía	patilla	sandía	sandía

1. ^ In the Spanish-speaking globe, niño is the standard discussion for child; all other words shown are slang or colloquial.
2. ^ In the Spanish-speaking world, dinero is the standard word for money; all other words shown are slang or colloquial.
3. ^ Refers to the fruit.

Some words and names borrowed from Arawakan [edit]

Arawak	Translation
ají	chili/hot pepper
Anacaona	aureate flower
arepa	corn cake
bara	whip
barbacoa	barbecue ("barbecue" is a borrowing derived from barbacoa). A iv-legged stand made of sticks, used by the Taínos for roasting meat.
batata	sweetness potato
bohío	small foursquare firm (typical countryside homes)
cacata	Hispaniolan giant tarantula
ceiba	silkcotton tree
canoa	modest gunkhole, canoe (canoe is a borrowing derived from canoa)
Cibao	rocky land
cocuyo or cucuyo	small click beetle with a blueish light
cohiba	tobacco/tobacco leaves
guayo	grater
jaiba	river crab (specifically Epilobocera haytensis) or freshwater crayfish
jicotea	aquatic turtle (most likely Trachemys decorata)
maraca	gourd rattle, musical instrument made of higuera gourd
maco	toad, bullfrog
mime	little insect, typically a fruit wing
sabana	savanna, treeless plain
tabaco	tobacco
yagua	a small palm native to Hispaniola

References [edit]

Footnotes

1. ^ Castilian → Dominican Commonwealth at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
2. ^ "ISO 639-ii Linguistic communication Lawmaking search". Library of Congress . Retrieved 21 September 2017.
3. ^ Henríquez Ureña (1940)
4. ^ Del Caribe, Números 28-33 (in Spanish). Casa del Caribe. 1998. p. 84.
5. ^ Henríquez Ureña (1977) harvcoltxt mistake: no target: CITEREFHenríquez_Ureña1977 (assistance)
6. ^ Lipski (1996) harvcoltxt error: no target: CITEREFLipski1996 (assistance)
7. ^ ^{a b} John Lipski (May 1994). "A New Perspective on Afro-Dominican Castilian: the Haitian Contribution". Research Papers. digitalrepository.unm.edu.
8. ^ "cachimbo". Diccionario de la lengua española. Real Academia Española. 2022.
9. ^ Henríquez Ureña (1940:38)
10. ^ Lipski, John Thousand. (1983). "La norma culta y la norma radiofónica: /s/ y /n/ en español" (PDF). Linguistic communication Problems & Language Planning. seven (three): 239–262. doi:10.1075/lplp.vii.three.01lip. ISSN 0272-2690.
11. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:65–66)
12. ^ Henríquez Ureña (1940:38–39)
13. ^ Lipski (2008:136, 140)
14. ^ Lipski (2008:66–67)
15. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:67)
16. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:60, 68)
17. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:59)
18. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:63)
19. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:63–65)
20. ^ Lipski, John M. (1997). "En busca de las normas fonéticas del español" (PDF). In Colombi, Grand. Cecilia; Alarconi, Francisco X. (eds.). La enseñanza del español a hispanohablantes : praxis y teoría (in Castilian). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 121–132. ISBN9780669398441.
21. ^ ^{a b} Henríquez Ureña (1940:49)
22. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:49)
23. ^ ^{a b c} Bullock & Toribio (2009:56)
24. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Bullock & Toribio (2009:57)
25. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:57–58)
26. ^ ^{a b c d e} Bullock & Toribio (2009:54)
27. ^ Bullock & Toribio (2009:54–55)
28. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Bullock & Toribio (2009:55)
29. ^ ^{a b c} Bullock & Toribio (2009:58–59)
30. ^ Editan «Diccionario del español dominicano» que recoge más de 22 000 acepciones | Fundéu BBVA
31. ^ María Rosa Vélez (2005). "Los nuevos taínos". Universidad de Puerto Rico, Recinto de Mayagüez (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 June 2014. 1 simply has to think "un chin" (the Taino word for a little) almost many words and phrases used here; (...)
32. ^ Grisel R. Núñez (24 August 2012). "La herencia taína". El Post Antillano (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sin embargo, no sólo heredamos palabras, sino también frases, como la muy conocida 'un chin-mentum' para hacer referencia a una cantidad pequeña.
33. ^ Online Etymological Dictionary, with reference link to Dictionary.com "Based on the Random House Dictionary"

Sources

• Academia Dominicana de la Lengua (2013). Diccionario del español dominicano (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Judicial. ISBN978-9945-8912-0-ane.
• Alvar, Manuel (1985). "La influencia del inglés en la República Dominicana. Valoración de una encuesta oral". Anuario de Letras: Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras (in Spanish). 23: 249–254.
• Alvar, Manuel (2000). El español en la República Dominicana : estudios, encuestas, textos (in Spanish). La Goleta Ediciones. ISBN978-84-8138-418-v.
• Bullock, Barbara East.; Toribio, Almeida Jacqueline (2009). "Reconsidering Dominican Spanish: Data from the rural Cibao". Revista Internacional de Lingüística Iberoamericana. 7 (2): 49–73. JSTOR 41678401.
• Henríquez Ureña, Pedro (1940). El Español en Santo Domingo (in Castilian). Buenos Aires: Instituto de Filología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires.
• Lipski, John 1000. (2008). "Dominican Spanish in the United states of america". Varieties of Spanish in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press. pp. 132–141. ISBN9781589012134.
• Saborit, J; Estévez, I. "El español de la República Dominicana". Geocities (in Castilian). Archived from the original on 27 October 2009.
• Zamora, Sergio. "Zonas lingüísticas americanas". La Lengua Española (in Spanish). Archived from the original on half dozen February 2008.

Other links [edit]

• Dominican Spanish Bilingual Dictionary English-Spanish
• Learn Dominican Castilian
• Pérez Guerra, Irene: "El arcaismo del español dominicano"
• Dominican Spanish Lessons
• Everyculture-Civilization of Dominican Commonwealth

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Spanish

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